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Doppler effect equation de1/18/2024 In 1901, Aristarkh Belopolsky verified optical redshift in the laboratory using a system of rotating mirrors. In 1887, Vogel and Scheiner discovered the annual Doppler effect, the yearly change in the Doppler shift of stars located near the ecliptic due to the orbital velocity of the Earth. In 1871, optical redshift was confirmed when the phenomenon was observed in Fraunhofer lines using solar rotation, about 0.1 Å in the red. In 1868, British astronomer William Huggins was the first to determine the velocity of a star moving away from the Earth by this method. The effect is sometimes called the "Doppler–Fizeau effect". The first Doppler redshift was described by French physicist Hippolyte Fizeau in 1848, who pointed to the shift in spectral lines seen in stars as being due to the Doppler effect. Only later was Doppler vindicated by verified redshift observations. Before this was verified, however, it was found that stellar colors were primarily due to a star's temperature, not motion. Doppler correctly predicted that the phenomenon should apply to all waves, and in particular suggested that the varying colors of stars could be attributed to their motion with respect to the Earth. The hypothesis was tested and confirmed for sound waves by the Dutch scientist Christophorus Buys Ballot in 1845. The effect is named after Christian Doppler, who offered the first known physical explanation for the phenomenon in 1842. The history of the subject began with the development in the 19th century of classical wave mechanics and the exploration of phenomena associated with the Doppler effect. Other physical processes exist that can lead to a shift in the frequency of electromagnetic radiation, including scattering and optical effects however, the resulting changes are distinguishable from (astronomical) redshift and are not generally referred to as such (see section on physical optics and radiative transfer). Subtler redshifts are seen in the spectroscopic observations of astronomical objects, and are used in terrestrial technologies such as Doppler radar and radar guns. The value of a redshift is often denoted by the letter z, corresponding to the fractional change in wavelength (positive for redshifts, negative for blueshifts), and by the wavelength ratio 1 + z (which is greater than 1 for redshifts and less than 1 for blueshifts).Įxamples of strong redshifting are a gamma ray perceived as an X-ray, or initially visible light perceived as radio waves. Gravitational waves, which also travel at the speed of light, are subject to the same redshift phenomena. Relativistic, gravitational, and cosmological redshifts can be understood under the umbrella of frame transformation laws. All sufficiently distant light sources show redshift for a velocity proportionate to their distance from Earth, a fact known as Hubble's law. The three main causes of electromagnetic redshift in astronomy and cosmology are, first, radiation traveling between objects that are moving apart (" relativistic" redshift, an example of the relativistic Doppler effect) second, the gravitational redshift due to radiation traveling towards an object in a weaker gravitational potential and third, the cosmological redshift due to radiation traveling through expanding space. The terms derive from the colours red and blue which form the extremes of the visible light spectrum. The opposite change, a decrease in wavelength and simultaneous increase in frequency and energy, is known as a negative redshift, or blueshift. In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation (such as light).
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Stack bundles autopsy report1/18/2024 That’s who he believed he was - walking around in those crazy sunglasses and gold-sequin jacket,” said Drath. “He didn’t just want to wear in the ring. His ex-wife, Amy, told Drath that one night she refused to go out with Macho because he had on more fishnets than she did. “He was one of the first modern showmen of and, in many ways, ahead of his time,” Stephen Espinoza, president of Showtime Sports, told The Post.Ī natural peacock, Macho developed his signature flamboyance by sketching outrageous outfits that a tailor in Puerto Rico would bring to life - including a Native American headdress and a robe emblazoned with flames paired with a fireman’s helmet and various animal-print get-ups. When he turned pro two years later, “Macho Time” kicked into overdrive. Starting in 1978, he won three New York Golden Gloves Championships and accumulated an impressive 96-and-4 record as an amateur. “Like Michelangelo was born to paint pictures, Hector Camacho was born to knock guys out,” Billy Giles, one of his first trainers, says in the film. Something got through to him: He decided to commit to boxing - honing his God-given speed and power into a lethal combination in the ring. His body can be seen next to his car as police secure the crime scene. Camacho was murdered in Puerto Rico in 2012. Upon his return home, he got caught snorting cocaine by his mom she flushed the drugs down the toilet and urged him to clean up his act. He started boxing casually at 12 and, after stealing a car at 16, was sent to Rikers. He did a lot of bad things, but his likability made people look the other way,” said Drath. They settled in Spanish Harlem where Macho courted trouble by fighting and stealing cars. Macho was born in Bayamón, PR, in 1962 and moved to New York City with his mother and four siblings as a kid. “In order to tell this story and talk about his death, I needed to talk about his life,” Drath said. But he ended up scrapping most of the footage. Originally, director Eric Drath hoped to crack the case open, traveling to Puerto Rico to visit police stations and interview shadowy characters. In 2012 he was murdered in Puerto Rico at age 50. It explores the rise and fall of Spanish Harlem’s favorite son, who rose from nothing to be a boxing champion in three weight classes - only to ultimately be dragged down by personal demons. The new documentary “Macho: The Hector Camacho Story,” premiering this Friday on Showtime, is filled with larger-than-life tales. “I said, ‘What happened to Jesus?’ He said, ‘Jesus said it’s OK to have my cocaine.’ Macho was crazy,” said Gonzalez. Hector landing a punch on the chin of Sugar Ray Leonard at their IBC middleweight title fight in Atlantic City, 1997. He had gone back for the cocaine, but after digging for four hours he gave up. Gonzalez awoke to his friend banging at the door and covered in dirt. He stopped and buried the drugs on the side of the road, then the two checked into a hotel. Macho told Gonzalez he had suddenly found Jesus and would never do cocaine again. Unscathed, the duo headed back into the States. That’s Camacho,’ ” Gonzalez said, laughing. But then I see the patrol coming with the dog, and the dog smells the - really going in and scratching at the tires.”īut rather than search the car, “the Mexico border guy hits the dog on the nose and said, ‘Stop it. “I’ve never seen so much border patrol,” Gonzaled recalled. Macho jumped on the hood of his car, screaming that he wanted to fight Mexican boxer Julio Cesar Chavez. “I saw myself spending the rest of my life in prison.”īut he had an idea: “I said, ‘Do the Macho Time thing’ ” - basically, telling the boxer to turn on the over-the-top persona he showcased in the ring and on the streets of Spanish Harlem where he was raised. “As he was telling me, we were pulling into checkpoint,” he told The Post. Macho spotted a billboard for a Tijuana, Mexico, strip club, not realizing he’d have to cross the border to get there - an ill-advised move considering the kilo of cocaine in the trunk. Early into the trip, while Gonzalez was napping in the passenger seat, things went awry. Rudy Gonzalez recalled once driving his friend Macho from Los Angeles to Florida. When boxer Hector “Macho” Camacho declared it was “Macho Time,” anything could happen.
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Union anaconda plan1/18/2024 Creative Writing: Imagine you are a member of the Confederacy and you receive news of Lincoln's proclamations concerning the blockade?.Debate the issue: What limits should there be on presidential authority during times of war?.Debate the issue: Should the President be allowed to make such sweeping decisions without Congressional approval? Why or why not?.What is Lincoln proposing to do to ships and vessels owned by people from the Confederacy that are found at sea or in a US port? Why?.What laws does Lincoln use to justify his actions?.In the August 16th proclamation, what words does Lincoln use to describe the states and actions of the Confederacy?. What is the main purpose of the August 16th proclamation?.In the April 27th proclamation, why did Abraham Lincoln decide to extend the blockade beyond the original 7 states to include Virginia and North Carolina?.Why would Lincoln use the blockade against the South during the Civil War?.DocumentĮnlarge PDF LinkPresident Abraham Lincoln s Union Blockade Proclamations (Proclamations 82 and 86), - Record Group 21: Records of District Courts of the United States, 1685 - 2004 Civil War Prize Case Files Series National Archives Identifier 620244 Discussion Questions: The constitutionality of these acts of Presidential power continues to be debated to this day. These proclamations, like Lincoln's more famousĮmancipation Proclamation and Proclamation suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus, had the force of law despite the fact they didn'tįollow the legislative process. Is a copy of two Presidential proclamations from Abraham Lincoln concerning the blockade. Records are organized by ship name and included with these records are materials confiscated from the seized vessels. The National Archives at New York City maintains prize cases of ships seized during the blockade from an array of ships. Prize law is that part of international law which concerns the capture of enemy property by a belligerent at sea during war. Its blockade of the southern states in an effort to prevent the trade of goods, supplies, and weapons between the To consider a variety of plans to bring the South back into the Union. The United States represented the greatest example of democratic thought at the time, and individuals from as far afield as Britain, France, Spain, Russia, and beyond closely followed events across the Atlantic Ocean.The Union Blockade: Lincoln's Proclamations Descriptionįollowing the surrender of Fort Sumter to the Confederacy, Abraham Lincoln and his military advisors began In spite of terrible guerrilla warfare in Missouri and Kentucky, the four border states remained loyal to the Union throughout the war.įoreign countries, primarily in Europe, also watched the unfolding war with deep interest. Consequently, Lincoln hoped to foster loyalty among their citizens, so Union forces could minimize their occupation. Abraham Lincoln famously quipped, “I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game.” 11 Lincoln and his military advisors realized that the loss of the border states could mean a significant decrease in Union resources and threaten the capital in Washington. All four were immediately critical to the outcome of the conflict. The border states of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky maintained geographic, social, political, and economic connections to both the North and the South. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1861, 1861. This print, while poorly drawn, does a great job of making clear the Union’s plan. \): Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan meant to slowly squeeze the South dry of its resources, blocking all coastal ports and inland waterways to prevent the importation of goods or the export of cotton.
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Scribd jobs1/18/2024 The funds we collect are essential to an investment in services and improvements that are necessary to serve the hundreds of thousands of visitors we receive each year. From continuing education, degrees, or certifications, we support our employee’s career journeys. Jobs 4 Reviews 70 Salaries 6 Q&A Interviews Photos Scribd Careers and Employment About the company Headquarters San Francisco, California. The power to explore career paths & possibilities, and the tools to support your growth. There is nothing more rewarding than seeing your hard work turned into something fruitful that directly helps the company. “We have recently used the funds to replace deteriorated and unsafe benches and equipment at the park’s outdoor amphitheater, repaired handrails at the cave’s Historic Entrance that were damaged during a windstorm, and funded cave guides for our busy summer season. Curated Career Paths and Continuous Learning. Tifa, Marketing If you're motivated and persistent, your impact will definitely be felt by the company. “Mammoth Cave utilizes its recreational fee program to focus on projects that improve the visitor experience,” said Superintendent Barclay Trimble. Information on the fee increase, including a list of all proposed fees, is available for review and comment on the park’s Planning, Environment, and Public Comment (PEPC) website until Friday. Jobs at Scribd Analytics Engineer, Paid Marketing Analytics Engineer, Paid Marketing Senior Product Analyst/ Senior Data Scientist, Advertising Senior. Scribd’s Product Managers solve problems and find opportunities to deliver value to our millions of global users. (WBKO) - Mammoth Cave National Park seeks public comments on a proposed increase in cave tour, camping rates and electric vehicle (EV) charging fees which would take effect in 2024. 2-4 years experience with quantitative data analysis or business intelligence Highly analytical mindset with demonstrated ability to work through complex.
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Sudeki nassaria1/18/2024 Each character begins with an amount of the following stats: Well, discussing the game's mechanics sounds like a good place to start. So, you saw this Sudeki game on sale, and you bought it. It's not terribly in your face, but it's there, and if you have an intolerance for that sort of thing, you might want to skip this. One final note, this game has anthromorph (furry) characters and NPCs. If you do ultimately get the game, save often. The most I've seen of any one recovery was 15, and higher power items are capped at lower numbers (for example, you can only carry 5 Green Panacea's, which are necessary for curing the Poison status effect).ĭuring my playthrough of Sudeki, the game CTD'd three times. Resting can only be done at specific places in the game, and recovery items are capped at pretty low numbers, so you won't be running around with 99 Health Ointments. You could consider the Realm of Shadows as a hub of sorts, since it links most places via portals about 3/4 through the game. The game isn't linear per se, but the game really only has a few branching paths that lead to the same locations. If the combat for Sudeki doesn't sound appealing, be warned: There's a lot of it.įor the most part, the rest of the game is doing various quests and side quests, solving really simple puzzles using character specific abilities, and traveling to the next cut scene. However, you have to time these button presses, you can't mash them. You alternate two buttons to do a three button combo (those buttons are Mouse 1 and 2, or A and X on the Xbox 360 controller - which works perfectly with Sudeki). The melee combo system for the combat is pretty basic. There's a Quick menu (Space or Y) you can open when in combat to select your abilities or use healing items, and while the menu is open, time slows down. Interspersed with this is the special abilities the characters have (all of which are unique to that character). Half of the characters use an action RPG hack-n-slash "combo" melee style, and the other half are basically running around the small enclosed combat areas FPS style. One review mentioned this in regard to the game's art style: It apes manga and anime characters, but doesn't really feel like a genuine representation of that style, and combined with the pretty lackluster animations, can be off-putting.Ī better example of this is seen in the game's combat. Sudeki isn't a bad game, but it does quite a few things in an odd manner, and most of what it does do is some weird hybrid that leaves no one happy. Most of the reviews have a bloated star rating. When I was writing my review of the game, I felt constrained by the character limit, and a lot of what I had to say about the game was left by the wayside. Sudeki, when on sale, isn't a bad value for your money.
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Julia louis dreyfus family1/18/2024 Graduate of Duke Law School worked briefly for law firm Dewey Ballantine in New York. Gerard, who remains chairman, himself inherited the group-which includes real estate, shipping, oil, cotton and orange juice. Now, at 73, is passing the chief executive torch of family conglomerate Louis-Dreyfus Group to nephew Robert Louis-Dreyfus, whose background includes high-profile stints at Adidas, pharmaceutical research firm IMS and ad giant Saatchi & Saatchi. Residence: New York, New York, United States, North America She had been employed as a bilingual clinician at Star Vista, an agency that provides counseling, crisis prevention, youth housing and other programs to people in San Mateo County, according to her Facebook page.#200 Gérard Louis-Dreyfus & family Age: 73 In her career, Emma Louis-Dreyfus had worked as a clinical social worker and family therapist and was a graduate fellow in infant-parent mental health. She moved to the Bay Area in 1998 and received a master’s degree in social work from UC Berkeley. She grew up in New York City, then attended Brown University, where she received a bachelor’s degree in psychology, according to her obituary. Julia Louis-Dreyfus, one of the most awarded actors in television history, was raised by her mother and stepfather in Washington, D.C., where she attended high school at the prestigious Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland, the alma mater of Palo Alto University Professor Christine Blasey Ford.Įmma Louis-Dreyfus was born to William Louis-Dreyfus and his second wife, Phyllis Blankenship. Julia Louis-Dreyfus is the daughter of William Louis-Dreyfus’ first wife, Judith LeFever, a writer and special-needs tutor, whom he divorced the year after the future actress was born in 1961. William Louis-Dreyfus was the head of a powerful family commodities-trading firm his net worth was estimated to be $3.4 billion in 2006. With regard to her sister, the New Yorker profile pointed out that the Louis-Dreyfus family situation has always been “complicated” but “privileged.” That same month, she accepted the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor at John F. Following months of treatment, she announced that her cancer was in remission.Īt an event in October 2018, Louis-Dreyfus said that she is “very lucky” to be alive. Just after winning another outstanding lead actress Emmy in September 2017, Julia Louis-Dreyfus revealed that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer. “I’m so glad that he liked ‘Veep’ because his opinion was the one that really mattered.” “Lastly, I’d like to dedicate this to my father, William Louis-Dreyfus, who passed away on Friday,” Louis-Dreyfus said. In September 2016, she broke down in tears on stage as she accepted her fifth Emmy Award for playing politician Selina Meyer in “Veep.” (She’s won eight acting Emmys in total, six for “Veep.”) She revealed that her father, billionaire business mogul William Louis-Dreyfus, had died two days earlier. Indeed, the past two years have been a time of both triumph and tragedy for the award-winning actress. “It’s been a very bad period of time,” she added. “Given the fact that that heinous (expletive) came out, I would simply say I’ve kept this under wraps out of reverence for my dearest Emma,” Julia Louis-Dreyfus told the New Yorker. Three or four other people were with Emma Louis-Dreyfus at the campsite. 13 after receiving reports of a woman having a seizure and becoming unresponsive. Emma Louis-Dreyfus Facebook pageĮmma Louis-Dreyfus, a 44-year-old San Mateo County social worker, died of an accidental drug overdose while at a campsite close to a popular hiking trail in South Yuba River State Park, north of Nevada City, authorities in Nevada County told the Union newspaper in Grass Valley in October.įirst responders went to a campsite a quarter-mile upstream of Purdon Crossing about 9:30 a.m. “It was out of the blue,” Louis-Dreyfus said. She said she got the tragic news as she returned to work on the “Veep” set that month, following months of chemotherapy for breast cancer. In a New Yorker profile, Louis-Dreyfus also said that the death of Emma Louis-Dreyfus, an Oakland resident, was as much of a shock to her as it was to anyone else. Julia Louis-Dreyfus says she stayed quiet following the drug overdose death of her younger half-sister, Emma Louis-Dreyfus, out of respect for her memory - not because they weren’t close. CLICK HERE if you are having a problem viewing the photos on a mobile device
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Civilization revolution catherine1/18/2024 The united Kievan state broke apart after 1054 under the pressure of attacks by nomads from the steppes, fragmenting Russia into a number of independent principalities. By 1000 AD the Rus had established an extensive empire with a capital at the city of Kiev and had been converted to Christianity by Byzantine missionaries. Within a few decades the Rus, as the Viking settlers were known, together with other Scandinavians operating farther west, extended their raiding activities down the main river routes toward Baghdad and Constantinople. From bases in estuaries along the eastern Baltic, Scandinavian bands, probably in search of new trade routes to the east, began to penetrate territory populated by Finnish and Slavic tribes, where they found unlimited natural resources. Modern Russia dates from about 770 AD, when Viking explorers began an intensive penetration of the Volga region. Indo-European, Ural-Altaic, and other races have occupied what is now the territory of Russia since 2000 BC, but little is known about them. In fact, you may want to keep Republic longer than with most civs. This makes a Republic even more of a powerful government in the hands of Russia. Not only will you be able to make more Settlers, but you will be able to settle in more areas where other civs would find it difficult to grow.īuilding Granaries further enhances food, allowing for +4 food tiles. The extra food from plains allows you place more cities in more spots. The Russian capital, if founded in an area with almost entirely food tiles, will allow you to take a late game strategy where production and trade are taken from population. This is particularly useful for preventing an Economic Victory. With the half cost Spies you can easily steal gold from rich factions, disrupt the defenses of militarists, disrupt the production of the wealthy city planners, kidnap Great People from the cultured factions and defend yourself from enemy Spies with ease. With your cheap Loyalty Riflemen, you can plug up choke points and defend cities with large numbers of Riflemen armies. Half cost Riflemen can make you a powerful civ in the Industrial Era, and the Loyalty upgrade can only make an iron defense turn into a steel defense. COOPERATIVE AND COMPETITIVE MULTIPLAYER: Up to 4 players can cooperate or compete for supremacy via online multiplayer.Russia is more of a defensive, population booming civilization than most.Be part of the colonization of Australia in “Outback Tycoon,” defend Poland from invaders in “Jadwiga’s Legacy,” choose a Viking leader to conquer Europe in “Vikings, Raiders, and Traders!”, or conquer the known world in the “Conquests of Alexander.” EXCITING AND UNIQUE SCENARIOS: Civilization VI on Xbox One includes four playable scenarios, each with a different setting and style of gameplay inspired by history.DYNAMIC DIPLOMACY: Interactions with other civilizations change over the course of the game, from primitive first interactions where conflict is a fact of life, to late game alliances and negotiations.To advance more quickly, use your units to actively explore, develop your environment, and discover new cultures. ACTIVE RESEARCH: Unlock boosts that speed your civilization’s progress through history.Settle in uncharted lands, improve your surroundings, build new districts, and see your cities – and your civilization – prosper. EXPANSIVE EMPIRES: See the marvels of your empire spread across the map.Each of the leaders can be played any way you prefer, with unique abilities, units, and infrastructure in their quest for victory. Build an empire of lucrative trade routes with Cleopatra of Egypt, flex the military might of your legions with Trajan of Rome, or develop a powerhouse of culture with Hojo Tokimune of Japan. THE WORLD’S GREATEST LEADERS: Play as one of 24 different leaders from various countries around the world and throughout history.Become the most scientifically advanced civilization, dominate through sheer military power, or become the foremost destination for the cultural arts.
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Iphone x company of heroes 21/18/2024 The new expansion will be available via in-app purchase for $3.99/£3.99/€4,49.Ĭompany of Heroes is available now over on the App Store and Google Play. Players who already own the game can update to the latest version on April 13th. Go ahead and experience the story of World War 2 in the form of a game with amazing graphics and content. This will allow you to carry out numerous new strategies before heading into a real battle in-game. In the upcoming expansion, players can unlock the British 2nd Army and Panzer Elite AI mode to practice different tactics and experiment with various loadouts with replayable Skirmish battles. Latest News 15:00:00 Time for a Tune-Up Spotlight on the Vehicles of Tales of Valor. Discover an iconic gameplay style driven by historically inspired mechanics. Tailored to and optimised for iOS and Android, Company of Heroes features an intuitive user interface for rapid execution of advanced tactics in the heat of battle. The successor to the highest rated RTS of all time, this complete edition offers near limitless replayability, including two epic single player campaigns, five distinct multiplayer armies and so much more. Company of Heroes lets you guide your troops across a variety of battlefields in Europe. Summary: The development team behind Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War is working on a new WWII real-time strategy game. These include the Panzer Elite’s devastating heavy tanks and highly-trained and adaptable officers of the British forces.īuild your confidence and test out new ways of invading by playing against the AI. Company of Heroes 2 is WWII strategy at its finest. Mixed or average reviews based on 9 Ratings. Take on two new campaigns focused on the highly mobile British 2nd Army and the devastating German Panzer Elite.įind out more: /Ee2hoschHyĪlong with these, climactic set pieces and new units are also introduced with this expansion. Get an opportunity to experience World War Two as Opposing Fronts offers unique perspectives on it.Ĭompany of Heroes: Opposing Fronts rolls onto iOS & Android on April 13th, for $3.99/£3.99/€4,49 via in-app purchase. Company of Heroes is the critically acclaimed and enduringly popular World War II game that redefined real-time strategy with a compelling combination of fast-moving campaigns, dynamic combat environments, and advanced squad-based tactics. Players can witness two brand new full-length campaigns along with other new content which is entirely focused on the British 2nd Army and German Panzer Elite. Campaign in the European Theater of Operations and carry out the D-Day Invasion of Normandy. The game is all about commanding the American troops and shaping the battlefield with your own creative strategies and ultimately winning the war. The day has finally come where the devs are all set to introduce the new expansion into the game as an in-app purchase on13th April. Following the announcement made by Feral Interactive regarding the release of the expansion, Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts, for iOS and Android in early 2021.
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Samsungkies1/18/2024 Samsung Kies 2, better known as Kies 2, comes in different variants. The article focusses on only the Samsung Kies 2 version of the software, providing a detailed account about it and links to safely download the software for supported devices. This Article aims at introducing Kies 2, its variants, i.e., Samsung Kies 2.0, Samsung Kies 2.3 and Samsung Kies 2.6, their features and characteristics. It is important for users to download the correct version this software from or read ahead to find out individual links to download different variants of Samsung Kies 2. This software, when downloaded to a computer works exactly like and performs the same functions as iTunes does for iOS users. The versions of the Samsung Kies software support different Android OS versions and enables users to efficiently transfer and manage their contacts, messages, calendar, music, photos, videos, etc and also take their back-up on a PC. Samsung Kies after its launch was improved upon and brought into the market with various versions like Samsung Kies 2, Samsung Kies 3, Samsung Kies Air and so on. It allows its users to manage, transfer, share and organize the information stored in the smartphones through a PC either using a cable or building a connection between the two devices wirelessly. Samsung Kies is a software developed and published by Samsung to manage and synchronize data between a smartphone and computer.
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Blue buntings1/17/2024 They’re more hesitant to be out in the open than typical feeder birds like cardinals or wrens, and need plenty of cover nearby. In Florida, the number can be as high as four.īlue indigos are members of Cardinalidae, the cardinal family.Getting a Painted Bunting to visit your yard can be tricky. Blue indigos usually have two broods a year, not necessarily with the same partners. All the sitting duties are handled by mom dad does some of the feeding, sometimes taking over the feeding of the fledged young as mom begins a second brood. The offspring will fledge in 10 days or less. She'll deposit two to six eggs, which will require about two weeks of incubation. The nest is a small cup made of grasses, leaves, twigs and bark. Female indigos build their nest without any help from her mate in a place not far off the ground, usually six feet or less. Nesting season in Florida begins in April. During the remainder of the years, dinner is mostly seeds and bugs with some berries mixed in. They will feed mostly bugs to their young offspring. During the summer breeding season, they will eat a lot of bugs, mixing in seeds and berries. Their diet will vary somewhat depending on the season. Their numbers soared until those fields started turning into forest or were redeveloped into other agricultural uses. As the groves were abandoned, they became fields of tall weeds and brush, providing perfect habitat for blue indigos. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission noted how the blue indigo population yo-yoed in Central Florida where hard freezes killed citrus groves. Elderberry thickets are a favorite in Florida. In winter, they'll take to a wider range of habitats, including grasslands, fields and lawns. They can be seen on along the edges of forests and in places where roads, powerlines or streams cut through them. Blue indigos aren't birds of the deep forest but rather brushy areas and thickets. Females are a dull brown, with some color in the breast. Males are the ones with the color, including some black striping in the wings. Indigo buntings appear stocky for their size. They are small birds, about five inches long, with a wingspan of less than nine inches. In winter, they retreat southward into Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America. Their summer range covers most the United States east of the Rockies and extends into the Southwest. Indigo buntings are exclusively migratory, moving south in winter, north in spring at night, navigating by the stars. There are records of some unconfirmed sightings of indigos nesting as far south as Palm Beach County, but they're far more likely to be spotted here during the winter or when they're passing through as they migrate in spring and fall. Indigo buntings are common birds in parts of Florida, especially the Northern Panhandle where they breed in summer. Regardless, the effect creates one incredibly beautiful, bird, especially with the deep blue of the sky as a backdrop. Instead, the blue appearance comes from the physical structure of the feathers, which reflect and refract blue light. Like all birds that appear blue, the indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea, doesn't have a drop of blue pigment in its feathers, which are actually a very dull brown-black. This blue bird isn't blue at all, at least not in an absolute sense. |